On December 14, 2020, the Institute for Family and Gender Studies (IFGS) organized an international conference on "Promoting the elderly’s resources in socio-economic development in an aging society" under the framework of collaboration between the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The conference aimed to share recent research findings of the IFGS on the role of the elder in socio-economic development particularly about the demand for labor resources, employment, and the situation of labor and employment of the elderly and proposing policy proposals on related issues in the coming time. Participants in the conference included representatives of agencies, organizations and scientists from Vietnam and Japan. On the Vietnamese side, there was the participation of Ms. Hoang Thi Thu Huyen, Chairman of Trade Union, Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA); Mr. Nguyen Thanh Ha, Head of International Cooperation Department, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences; Assoc. Prof. Tran Thi Minh Thi, Director of the Institute for Family and Gender Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences; representatives of the Central Vietnam Association of the Elderly, the Vietnam Women's Union, Department of Employment, Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, World Bank Vietnam, HelpAge Vietnam, universities and research institutes and representatives from other governmental departments, unions, NGOs, INGOs in Vietnam. On the Japanese side, there was the participation of Mr. Miko Hayashi, First Secretary of the Embassy of Japan in Vietnam; Mr. Murooka Naomichi, Deputy Chief Representative of JICA office in Vietnam; Mr. Hiroaki Yashiro, Senior Investment Promotion Advisor - Ministry of Planning and Investment; Mr. Tsujimoto Ryo, Deloitte Vietnam Business & Finance Advisory Company Ltd; Mr. Ishiguro Yohei, project formulation advisor, JICA Vietnam; and Professor Tajika Eiji, an expert from JICA Vietnam (via online). The conference started with the opening remarks by Assoc. Prof. Tran Thi Minh Thi, who outlined the current situation of the elderly in Vietnam and the purposes of the project. Over the past three decades, Vietnam's population has changed in both quantity and structure. The number of older persons aged 60 and over increased from 7.1% in 1989 to 10.2% in 2014, to 11.4% in 2017 and 13.5% in 2018, showing that Vietnam started the aging population. Currently, the majority of the elderly live in families in local communities. The number of older persons living in residential care unit is not large. Therefore, it is very important to learn the role of the elderly to adapt to changes in population and family structure and consider them as one of the resources in socio-economic development, not merely a dependent population that needs care and help. In that context, the Institute for Family and Gender Studies conducted several studies on this topic, including 1. Promoting the elderly’s resources in socio-economic development to adapt to the aging population context of Vietnam, supported by VASS and JICA; 2. Gender difference in participation in economic activities of the elderly, supported by MOLISA; and 3. The role of the elderly in aging Vietnamese society, supported by VASS. All three studies have been completed in 2020 and during this conference, the research team shared key findings on the economic involvement of the elderly and aims to find out the social positivity, autonomy, and needs of the elderly and the theoretical suggestions for the research as well as appropriate policy proposals based on lessons learned from Japan. Mr. Murooka Naomichi, Deputy Chief Representative of JICA Office in Vietnam also welcomed the cooperation between JICA and VASS in the research project on the topic of the elderly, emphasized the significance of the conference in sharing the situation and learning experiences from each other of Vietnam and Japanese society. In ageing societies, various issues such as health care, learning and training opportunities, status and modality of employment and etc. are significant for researches and policy recommendations. Mrs. Hoang Thi Thu Huyen, President of Trade Union, Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs presented the report "Social issues in the Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2020-2030". She commented that Vietnam is in its bonus population but the ageing population process is becoming a great concern as well. Her presentation outlined challenges for workers, social security in the period 2010 - 2020, achievements in managing sustainable social development in the period 2011-2020 and outlined some suggestions and solutions for sustainable social development in the 2021 - 2030 period, such as developing policies to support and encourage enterprises to employ older workers, developing employment programs for the elderly, improving social security, reducing poverty and implementing comprehensive solutions. A/P Tran Thi Minh Thi, Director of the Institute for Family and Gender Studies, presented the report "Economic participation of the elderly and the current policy issues". The report presented the results of the study on "The role of the elderly in aging Vietnamese society" conducted in Ninh Binh province by 2020 and the research on "Gender differences in economic activities of the elderly” (case study in Da Nang). The report indicated different dimensions of economic activities of the elderly such as income sources, the proportion of working older persons, level of their participation in paid and unpaid work, working purposes by gender, by location of residence; the current employment nature of the elderly and their current main jobs. The research showed that the majority of older people continue to work after retirement, the proportion of older people working in paid jobs is much lower than the unpaid and the traditional gender-based division of labor is still maintained in today's families. Since then, she also made some recommendations including promoting the labor participation of the elderly, building policies to promote the role of the elderly to adapt to the aging society. Dr. Trinh Thai Quang, a research team member from the Institute for Family and Gender Studies presented the report on “Job demands and employment of the elderly in Vietnam (a case study in Da Nang). The report showed the main findings of the research on older persons participating in the labor market, job characteristics, type of job, working purposes, employment needs of older persons, their desired jobs, and advantages and disadvantages of the elderly in finding jobs. Vietnamese and Japanese delegates actively discussed the topic of employment and policies for the elderly, health care for the elderly, compared the differences in the two countries, and raised lessons learned from the experience of each country. In regards to jobs for older people, Mr. Miko Hayashi, the First Secretary of the Japanese Embassy in Vietnam commented that there should be three pillars in promoting elder resources in ageing societies, which is job recruitment for elder among enterprises, establishment of job centers for the elder and social insurance coverage. Meanwhile, Mr. Tsujimoto Ryo commented that the speed of the ageing population in Vietnam is currently much faster than Japan’s which influences the financial situation of the country. Thus, older people should not be considered as care receivers but a potential labor force. The questions are how to take care of and support older people so that they can care for themselves and do their stuff. Some solutions could be considered including a long-term care system, home-based care to improve their health and get back to work. Mr. Hiroaki Yashiro made a comparison between the social security policy between Vietnam and Japan. In Japan, there are different kinds of insurance including compensation insurance, health care insurance, national pension insurance that requires participation from 20 to 64 years old and are all subject to 30% copayment. People over 75 years old should have health care insurance. The representatives from Japan shared about some typical Japanese policies for the elderly, such as employment insurance to pay for the unemployed, people who quit their jobs to take care of children, the elderly, which apply for all employees who work over 20 hours/week; health insurance covers illnesses outside of work, maternity payments, 90% of nursing expenses for people over 75 years old; Retirement insurance: pay for the elderly, the injured, and the dead, apply to normal employees working for companies, part-time workers with working time more than 3/4 of the time of a normal employee. Professor Tajika Eiji, the expert from JICA Vietnam, raised some questions to the conference that how the recruitment of older people in Vietnam is organized? What Vietnam has done so far to develop more jobs for older people? And some other questions related to the pension system and the government roles and enterprises in supporting older workers with working opportunities. Mr. Nguyen Tam Giang, a representative from World Bank Vietnam mentioned other group of older people that would also need more attention from the government as well as the community, they are ethnic elderly, disabled elderly but able to work. He mentioned “the caring economy” where the elderly are a group that contributes to the care economy. Among the elderly, healthy people take care of those who are not healthy. Japanese delegates commented that to cope with the aging population, Japan also adjusted their pension and retirement age; businesses must make adjustments to help the elderly; Japan also has many job placement centers for the elderly. The Japanese representative also hoped that these could be lessons learned for Viet Nam. Other delegates from Vietnam including those from Vietnam Women’s Association, HelpAge Vietnam raised their concerns about gender inequality among the older people population partly due to care duties. There need to be specific policies suitable for this population in regards to their working at a later age. They also indicated that it would be great if the Institute, MOLISA, and HelpAge could work together to conduct deeper studies on community-based initiatives for sustainable economic solutions. Speaking at the conference, Mr. Nguyen Thanh Ha - Head of International Cooperation Department, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, thanked JICA for their 10-year companion with VASS, and VASS and JICA will work together to develop plans for the next 10 years. At the end of the conference, A/P Tran Thi Minh Thi thanked the enthusiastic participation and fruitful exchange of opinions of representatives from agencies and organizations in Vietnam and Japan, appreciated the effective support from JICA Vietnam, MOLISA, Departments of VASS. The Director also expressed special thanks to the participation of Professor Tajika Eiji, the expert of JICA Vietnam who gave important comments and contribute to the success of the conference.

Abstract: After Vietnam's reunification in 1975, 1976 - 1986 is a historical period with specific economic characteristics. However, studies on this period in general, and this topic in particular are limited. The objectives of this paper are to describe the activities of agricultural cooperatives, and to define the roles of households and cooperatives in ownership, product distribution and labor division during the post-war period. We applied quantitative analysis to data from 346 selected samples out of 411 married household representatives during the period of 1975-1985 . We used information from 15 in-depth interviews and 02 group discussions to provide explanations for the quantitative results. The research analyses show that in terms of quantitative data, in all aspects of activities, the level of participation in the cooperatives was identified as “passive” in more than 99% of the households. The analyses prove that in terms of policies and mechanism, social structure is the most powerful factor affecting the households’ passive participation in agricultural cooperatives. This study confirms the passivity of the cooperative members under the centralized subsidy bureaucracy through the voice of the Vietnamese people who participated in the cooperatives.

Abstract: Over the past years, with the attention of both the Vietnamese political system and the entire society, the system of policies and laws on child abuse prevention and control has been gradually completed, synchronously. However, cases of abused children still happen, many of which are serious. There are still many cases of children being abused but have not been detected in time and adequately to handle, especially acts of child sexual abuse. The awareness and implementation of guidelines, policies and laws to support sexually abused children by local social workers plays a decisive role in the effectiveness of the protection of children's rights. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the awareness and implementation of policies to support sexually abused children in Kontum province of social workers including social staffs, child care and protection officers, and communal and ward collaborators.

Abstract: Adequate access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilets are basic needs required to ensure good public health. However, access to safe water and sanitation facilities remains a formidable challenge in developing countries. This paper presents the findings of an analysis of the situation, trends and demographic and socio-economic factors associated with sanitary latrine use among household members, particularly among children 0-17 years of age. The analysis was conducted using data from 2000, 2006, 2001 and 2014 Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Considerable improvement in ownership and use of sanitary latrines was observed among population during the past 15 years. While the trends improved rapidly from 2000 to 2011, it slowed down from 2011 to 2014. Among children aged 0-17 years, 75.9% of them had access to sanitary latrine use in 2014. The analysis has identified a number of key factors such as ethnicity, poverty, lack of education and access to drinking water affecting households to adopt use of sanitary latrines. These findings suggest that improved sanitation including access to sanitary latrines in the population should go along with other development goals that Vietnam is current implementation such as poverty and hunger reduction, gender equality, child health and nutrition and access to safe drinking water.